Brave New World And 1984 Free Essays

Albeit numerous likenesses exist between Aldous Huxley’s A Brave New World and George Orwell’s 1984, the works books however they manage comparative themes, are more disparate than the same. A Brave New World is a novel about the battle of Bernard Marx, who dismisses the inhabitants of his general public when he finds that he isn't really cheerful. 1984 is the account of Winston who finds illegal love inside the false reverence of his general public. We will compose a custom paper test on State-of-the-art existence And 1984 or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now In the two cases, the fundamental character is in calm insubordination to his administration which is in the end seen as futile. Huxley composed A Brave New World as an outsider looking in so the peruser could be apportioned a progressively complete perspective on the exercises he presents. His characters are shallow and animation like (Astrachan) so as to all the more likely mirror the general public wherein they are captured. In this general public conventional thoughts of affection and what in a perfect world should come out of it have for quite some time been ignored and are currently detested, â€Å"Mother, monogamy, sentiment. High sprays the wellspring; savage and frothy the wild stream. The inclination has however a solitary outlet. † (Huxley 41) The correlation with a wild fly is planned to exhibit the natural risks in these exercises. A large number of the Brave New World’s normal practices are planned to ’save’ its residents from anything horrendous through denying them of the chance to miss anything excessively charming. Soma, the mystical extreme medication is the thing that shields the populace from revolting. What you need is a gram of soma†¦ All the upsides of Christianity and liquor; none of their deformities. † The medication is at the front line of their day by day lives giving opportunity Superczynski 2 from life’s each evil. â€Å"The word originates from the Sanskrit language of old India. It implies both an inebriating drink utilized in the old Vedic strict customs there and the plant from whose squeeze the beverage was made-a plant whose genuine personality we don’t know. (Astrachan) The medication is utilized as a type of diversion, similar to sex, and its utilization is supported at any chance, particularly when incredible feelings start to emerge. They are molded to acknowledge this to quiet and placate them should they start to feel anything too seriously. The molding likewise gives them their place and keeps them from taking an interest in social exercises which they needn’t participate in. (Smith) Class cognizance which Americans are so hesitant to recognize is educated through hypnop? ia (the redundancy of expressions during rest much the same as post entrancing proposal) for every single social class: These names are letters in the Greek letters in order, recognizable to Huxley’s unique English perusers on the grounds that in English schools they are utilized as evaluations like our As, Bs, and so on †with Alpha in addition to the best and Epsilon short the most exceedingly terrible. In Brave New World, each names a class or standing. Alphas and Betas remain people; just Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are bokanovskified. (Astrachan) The molding is started at an incredibly youthful age and is by present day true gauges unfeeling, AThe shouting of the infants out of nowhere changed its tone. There was something edgy, practically crazy, about the sharp convulsive howls to which they presently gave expression. † (Huxley 20) The children’s â€Å"Pavlovian† molding with electric stuns is later contrasted with the wax seals which used to effortlessness the creases of letters (Astrachan), â€Å"Not so much like drops of water, however water, it is valid, can wear gaps in the hardest stone; rather, drops of fluid fixing wax, drops that follow, incrust, fuse themselves with what they fall on, till at last the stone is every one of the one red mass. The whole society is adapted to shrivel away from extraordinary feeling, participate in easygoing sex, and take their appeasing Soma. In 1984, a first-individual book halfway described by the principle character’s interior discourse, the incredible party pioneer is â€Å"Big Brother,† an anecdotal character who is to some degree more forcing than â€Å"Ford,† of Huxley’s book, named after the industrialist Henry Ford (Astrachan). The fundamental character Superczynski 3 Winston fears Big Brother and is considerably more mindful of his circumstance than any of the characters in A Brave New World who are continually placated by soma. In A Brave New World history is overlooked totally while in 1984 it is actually revised so as to suit the present. The job of science in the two books is broad and confused. 1984’s telescreens can't be killed, as A Brave New World has â€Å"feelies,† a headway on â€Å"talkies† which included sound, â€Å"feelies† add material faculties to a film too. Science and human advancement isn't recognized in A Brave New World (Smith) aside from when it expands utilization, though it is bent with unexpected titles in 1984, â€Å"They were homes of the four Ministries between which the whole mechanical assembly of government was separated: the Ministry of Truth, which worried about news, amusement, training, and the expressive arts; the Ministry of Peace, which fretted about war; the Ministry of Love, which kept up lawfulness; and the Ministry of Plenty, which was liable for financial issues. Their names in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty. † (Orwell 8) The God (Ford) of A Brave New World energizes creation and utilization of shallow items to supplement the shallow personalities of its residents. 1984 was composed as a notice against the aftereffects of having an authoritarian state. Winston bears the unpolished of his errors, the wrongdoing of independence and dissention. A Brave New World is as much a parody on the truth of today (the truth of Huxley’s day) as it is a novel about what's to come. ANeil Postman †¦warned Awhen a populace gets occupied by random data, when social life is characterized a s a never-ending round of diversions, when genuine open discussion turns into a type of infant talk, a people become a group of people and their open business a vaudeville demonstration, at that point a country winds up in danger; social passing is a reasonable chance. (Kruk) Huxley appears to feel that society is advancing toward a materialistic and shallow end, in which everything of genuine worth, including the connections which make individuals human, will be subdued. The two works fluctuate incredibly, A Brave New World is the Huxley’s articulation of dread that humankind will make an ideal world by method of prior every one of that makes life beneficial. Orwell’s work rings all the more forcefully of mystery police suspicion. In fact, Winston is taken to room 101, while Superczynski 4 Bernard is only moved to an awkward area. The deception is significantly more clear inside A Brave New World too, inferable from the controller’s having had a child. The two books admonish of a day when mankind may fall slave to its own idea of how others should act. The two books ask not whether social orders with steadiness, assuagement, and consistency can be made, however whether they merit making. It is frequently to the point that one needs something and in needing romanticizes it, accordingly bringing disillusionment when the end is at long last gotten. They fill in as an update that it is important to have agony to contrast and delight, destruction to contrast and triumph, and issues so as to have arrangements. Instructions to refer to Brave New World And 1984, Essay models

Construction resources Essay Example for Free

Development assets Essay Development assets utilize material science in a large number of their items. Two that I have picked are sun powered gatherers and their utilization of insutation. Separators have the reason for forestalling conduction, convection and radiation to undesirable zones. There are a wide scope of strategies and materials utilized in doing this and I am going to glance top to bottom at this thought. The organization utilizes sun powered gatherers from various perspectives, their primary object is to gather sunlight based vitality and warmth vitality. They can be utilized to warmth and force a wide range of apparatuses. Photovoltaic cells: Photovoltaic cells move the vitality conveyed by the electromagnetic waves that make up daylight straightforwardly to an electrical circuit so as to make a flow stream. Light energizes electrons to move starting with one layer then onto the next through semi conductive silicon materials. Just a small amount of a volt is delivered so an enormous cluster is expected to create calculable flows, normally about 20W to 100W. The Photovoltaic cells produce DC current so in the event that other current AC is wanted, at that point an inverter is required. Air conditioning structure is regularly accessible from the mains. Sun oriented cells: Sunlight may likewise be utilized to warm water legitimately. This should be possible in two different ways, water can be coursed through funnels which go through the rear of the sun based cells, creating water at around 60oC appropriate for family unit use. The other technique is to center daylight from an enormous are to a little spot utilizing a variety of mirrors, this can create temperatures of up to 4000oC and its very attainable to deliver power stations from this, anyway it has not been actualized at this point. Here is on manner by which the high temp water can be utilized, this is very affordable and earth well disposed. Sunlight based boards are very adaptable and can be put on numerous tops of just in the nursery, which makes them famous with regards to warming pools of heated water for showers. Any material that is a poor conduit of warmth and power can be utilized as a protector. Warm protecting materials diminish the progression of warmth among hot and cold locales. Warm protection may need to satisfy at least one of three capacities: to decrease warm conduction in the material, in which warmth is moved by electrons; to diminish warm convection flows, which can be set up in air-or fluid occupied spaces; and to lessen radiation heat move, in which warm vitality is moved by electromagnetic waves. These are three manners by which heat vitality can be moved. Conduction, where heat vitality is moved through strong materials, metals are ordinarily the best conduits. There are various variables that influence warm conductivity. Expanding the region of the cross-area of the strong through which hear streams builds the pace of stream, anyway expanding the thickness of the divider diminishes the progression of warmth. Given that a consistent state has been reached (where the temperature of any point isn't changing through time) at that point the pace of stream of warmth ? Q/? t is given by: ?Q/? t A ? T/? x Besides the physical components of the materials, another factor influencing pace of stream is the properties of the material, the Thermal Conductivity of the materials ? through which the warmth vitality is voyaging is the consistent of proportionality in this relationship, so:?Q/? t = - ? A ? T/? x The units for warm conductivity are watts per meter per kelvin. The Quantity ? Q/? t is known as the temperature inclination. On my visit to Construction assets I saw that they have utilized these Physical ends in there protection. One specifically is Homatherm a divider and rooftop cover. The chunks are thick which implies less progression of warmth, and have a warm conductivity is just 0. 04 W/mK. Conduction as far as particles: The particles in metals and non-metals are masterminded in an unexpected way, which gives them their various qualities. In a non-metal the particles have powers between them that can be depicted like springs. At the point when warmth is conveyed to the strong the motions of the particles being warmed will increment in sufficiency. For warmth to be directed the neighboring particles should likewise get the additional vitality, as particles motions increment in recurrence the neighboring particles additionally steadily increment in recurrence as warmth is moved to them. This is a moderate procedure. In a metal the course of action is unique, metallic boding happens between metal iotas where an ocean of delocalized electrons hold the positive metal particles together in a grid. It is these free electrons that are answerable for the high conductivity character of metals. At the point when a metal is warmed the metals particles vibrate with an expansion recurrence. At the point when an electron hits these particles with additional vitality, they get this additional vitality and move quicker. This electron would then be able to make a trip to another pieces of the cross section, to a particle that hasnt got any of this warmth vitality and slam into it, moving its vitality to this particle. Since particle has additional vitality and vibrates with a more noteworthy recurrence. This procedure is much quicker as there are numerous electrons in a metal cross section. U-Values: Architects and warming specialists use U-Values to compute the progression of warmth vitality through structure materials. The U-Values is cited for a given thickness of a specific material, and depends on real estimations made utilizing the material. The U-Value is characterized as: U-esteem = Rate of vitality stream Area X Temperature distinction Construction assets utilizes this information on U-Values when planning building materials to diminish the vitality squandered as warmth leaving the assemble and to accomplish a definitive objective of lessening CO2 emanations. Be that as it may, there are evident confinements with diminishing warm conductivity, you can just lessen it to a specific sum, 0. 025 in air, so there will consistently be heat misfortune. Likewise a lot of protection in the house will prompt what development assets alludes to as interior contamination. This has lead to development assets examining in attempting to bring down the vitality that is utilized to fabricate and ship he development materials. Catalog: Microsoft Encarta Heinemann Advanced Science Salters Horners AS Advanced Physics Strengths and Limitations of Photovoltaic cells: Since one photovoltaic cell just creates a little part of a volt, huge exhibits are required to deliver considerable voltages. This requires a great deal of room and the cells should be in a spot where no shadows will be thrown on them. This cutoff points what they can be utilized for. Likewise the measure of intensity created by the photovoltaic cells straightforwardly relies upon the measure of daylight, so they can't be depended on to deliver power for something that continually needs it. The main way this can be defeated is if some force was put away for a stormy day. Be that as it may, this again would occupy room. Additionally a variety of sunlight based authority will be costly and have a long compensation back time. Anyway it is naturally well disposed and after the compensation back time, investment funds can be made. Additionally photovoltaic cells can be made look appealing relying upon where they are set. Qualities and Limitations of sun based cells: The sunlight based cells have comparable restrictions to the photovoltaic cells with respect to situating and cost however a little cluster is just required to create enough boiling water for something like private showers or focal warming. This is practical and naturally agreeable and sunlight based cells are very flexible.

The Goals Of Management In Dealing With People Commerce Essay Free Essays

The board exchanges with individuals, their considerations and things identified with them. In a basic signifier heading can be characterized as the specialty of things getting done through individuals in bunches composed authoritatively [ 8 ] . The board is where gatherings of individuals are associated with open introduction of sorted out exercises. We will compose a custom paper test on The Goals Of Management In Dealing With People Commerce Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now In an association with a major figure of workers the methodology of heading guides the chiefs to execute a few maps, for example, arranging, staffing, telling, framing and coordinating to secure things done by others. Hierarchical conduct can be utilized to better the bearing examples for act uponing the representatives viably and working with them. The board is the way to acquiring authoritative effectivity. Authoritative effectivity relies upon run intoing the quick adjusting requests of the association, for example, holding the correct individuals for the correct occupation and at the correct clasp. It comprehends the creation and social control in an association. The review of hierarchical conduct in an association has the undermentioned focal points: It assists with spreading out the horizon of course. It helps better the authoritative open introduction in accordance with the single open introduction which incorporate prize frameworks, driving, thought process and so on , It creates committedness among the workers to achieve their own closures along these lines achieving the parts of the bargains. It assists with comprehension, anticipate and order the conduct in the association. There are army factors that decide the effective open introduction in an association, however for our treatment we will see not many of import factors which are as per the following: Enrollment and Choice Preparing and advancement Award through appropriate Performance Appraisal System Successful Communication Skills Creating Dedication by Motivating workers Moreover, there are numerous components that add to the modifying idea of work at association, however the two boss elements are: Current market situation expects associations to be increasingly competitory and customer concentrated, consequently there is an expanded power for each unit region on the association The revelation in IT and conveying is another factor. For outline Mobile and the internet have made work to be isolated from clasp and interminable. Associations have changed their point of convergence and their central principles are: Determining vision and qualities from the purchaser ‘s position Making a worth link for example , indicating exercises and methodology that increase the value of customers and partner them Expel exercises that increase the value of the association. Diminishing wasteful aspects in the endeavors in an association. These principles have increased the value of the association empowering them to respond rapidly to customers ‘ requests and back uping adjustment and empowering innovation. I would other than talk the various changes in the idea of present day workplace pertinent to the elements I ‘ve expressed previously. Enlistment and Selection [ 5 ] Enlistment is strategy in which a certified and fit individual is chosen for an occupation in an organization. The enrolling system is the obligation of the HR area and grouped strategies are accessible for this methodology, for example, interviews, bent preliminary, polls and so on , It is a shaping stage and is the most hard stage for the executives. Let us see the enrolling and decision strategy at Tesco. There are various routes through which Tesco promotes its opportunities. It initially promotes its opening inside through intranet for two hebdomads. This gives an opportunity to the present workers searching for a change at a similar degree or for an exposure. Tesco promotes its opening on the web at www.tesco-careers.com for outer enrolling. It other than shows opportunity sheets on its shops. For administrative spots the applications are made on the web. The appliers picked will hold to initially experience a meeting and for the closing stage they will hold going to at the evaluation Center. A holding up rundown of appliers is set up by the shops and as the occupations become accessible campaigners are settled. Pro occupations as pastry specialists and pharmacists are promoted remotely through the undermentioned offices: Through the web and disconnected media Through broadcasting and remote Through advertizements in papers and magazines. The same number of different organizations Tesco other than searches frontward for cost-solid way of pulling appliers. Despite the fact that commercial on media and magazines is costly yet in some cases this gets vital to pull fit individuals for the opportunity. Decision can be characterizes as picking the most fit individual from the rundown of campaigners who have applied for the opening mulling over the Torahs and laws of work. Screening is an of import bit of the decision method and guarantees that the chose campaigners for the meeting will be most appropriate for the occupation. There are various stages in the demonstrating system. In the principal stage, the pickers at Tesco glance through the CV ‘s of the appliers as this briefs the campaigner ‘s guidance and occupation history. A CV assists with estimating whether the campaigner meets the detail for the occupation. Screening is trailed by the campaigner who goes to the examination Center. This system takes topographic point either in shop and are controlled by chiefs. The campaigners are surveyed through grouped exercisings, for example, crew work and employment goals. This other than gives consistence in the decision method. In the advanced workplace, the decision and enrolling methodology has gotten increasingly complex and expand to decide for the best perception and achievements in the market. The figure of testing systems that associations hold to pick the correct campaigners has expanded what's more the kind of preliminaries have gotten progressively radical in their assault. Preliminaries, for example, mental rating and accentuation interviews are a typical example in today ‘s workplace. Preparing and Development Preparing is extremely basic for the newly enlisted workers. It is other than extremely fundamental for the representatives previously utilized so their achievements are up to day of the month and in accordance with the most recent inclinations and engineerings. Preparing is going a vital segment of each association these yearss. Workers are made to experience creating plans so as to boost their conceivable to run into association closes. Lashkar-e-taibas us consider Barclays for our occasion review here. Preparing is an extremely significant endeavor for the Human Resource area at Barclays. The central ground for this being the commencement plan assists workers with understanding the varying arrangements and the development of their occupations. This will other than give workers bounty clasp to set themselves to the earth in the association together with bring oning new contemplations and achievements in the representatives. Preparing is the most hard and eager bit in the association as it is a continuous methodology where the coach moving as an adjustment specialist causes learners to secure acquainted with the new association. The devotees are the main planning purposes at Barclay: It assists with expanding the level of affirmation and thought process in representatives It makes a sentiment of achievement and individual fulfillment Improves the nature of staff and improves their achievements. The above are the helpful components that the guide the HR accomplish their finish of doing the representatives feel a segment of the association. Picking a fit a coach is an extremely yearning issue as he a middleman between the representatives and the association. The coach has the undermentioned obligations. The coach must quantify the interest for building up the individual and set up a readiness plan for the worker so as to make a definitive finish of the association. He should design the arrangement plan. The a large portion of import endeavor at Barclays Plc is bunch commitment. Subsequently the central motivation behind the mentor is advance this endeavor. The mentor goes about as a messenger between the representatives and the bearing. The mentor must do sure that the newly learned achievements are in effect essentially applied. He will make up one’s brain the interest for more distant planning on the balance of the present open introduction evaluation. In the advanced workplace representatives are quicker on keeping up themselves in contact with the most recent innovative turn of events. They ever get achievements and elevate their cognizance remainder in order to go up against the turning rivalry in the present workplace. In this way utilizing readiness and improvement methodologies would be simpler and would better the general nature of the work power. Execution Appraisal and Reward System Execution evaluation is where open introduction of a representative is surveyed in footings of expected finishes set for them. On the balance of open introduction examination the organization chooses exposures, terminations, the level of regulating and the obligations and obligations to be allocated to the workers. During the phase of open introduction examination the existent open introduction of the workers is surveyed and assessed. The HRM is answerable for the open introduction evaluation and it is its obligation to experience the data precisely and fairly to the bearing with the goal that important and future disciplinary advances can be taken. The HRM faces the undermentioned issues during open introduction appraisal: Acknowledgment and assignment of a worker ‘s qualities and failings. This will help to utilize the qualities all the more solidly and the vital stairss to be taken to show signs of improvement of the people fizzle

The Power of Stories; Unconventional Narrative in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony - Literature Essay Samples

In her novel Ceremony Leslie Silko overtly breaks from the conventional â€Å"Western† narrative. The narrative form that she utilises is broken, merging prose where time is fluid with poetry and stories based in Laguna culture. What she creates is a vivid, idiosyncratic, and often times confusing narrative that, in a manner reminiscent of William Faulkner, creates fully rounded characters within a palpable world. Why, however, does she do so? Silko, through this break from conventional narratives, creates a form that echoes the cultural heritage stories and storytelling have within the Laguna people, a heritage that also highlights the differences between the Native-American Laguna and â€Å"white† cultures. One way in which Silko breaks from narrative convention to echo Laguna culture is through the novel having a sense of self-awareness. The novel opens with a poem that concludes with the lines: â€Å"She is sitting in her room / thinking of a story now / I’m telling you the story / she is thinking.†[1] The â€Å"she† mentioned is Thought-Woman, one of the creators of the universe alongside her sisters. It is unclear whether the story Thought-Woman is thinking of is that of the novels protagonist, Tayo, or the Laguna creation myth that runs through the novel in poetry sections, concerning the attempts of Fly and Hummingbird to bring rain back to the world. Perhaps, however, there is no real distinction between the story of Tayo, his troubles coping with PTSD after surviving a Japanese POW camp during World War Two and his journey towards health through a return to Laguna culture, and the story of Fly and Hummingbird, who themselves try to cope with a crisis through an extensive journey through Laguna culture. Silko creates a narrative where the distinction between her modern piece of fiction and traditional Laguna myth is not only non-existent, but is self-aware in being so. Silko inserts herself into traditional Laguna narrative, creating, through the journey of Tayo, another entirely new and modern chapter to the Laguna tradition of storytelling. This opening poem, where Thought-Woman thinks of the story being told to the reader, also encapsulates the creative power storytelling has within Laguna culture. Twice in the poem the same idea is presented, that the world followed Thought-Woman’s thoughts: â€Å"whatever she thinks about / appears†, â€Å"Thought-Woman, the spider / named things and / as she named them / they appeared.† (Silko, pp.1) This idea, that ideas came before the worlds physical existence, links to the Laguna belief that their stories created the world. This belief, that stories are themselves performative entities of creation, could best be compared in Western terms as adhering to the post-structuralist idea that language creates the world, however difficulties therefore arise through a cultural translation of sorts. If stories create the world, a notion contrary to the Western idea that stories are descriptive of the external world rather than creative, thought thus precedes physical e xistence. Silko’s novel, therefore, creates its own world of sorts. As much as she inserts her narrative into the cultural narrative of the Laguna people, she creates it alongside the myths of the Laguna, ushering it into existence. Silko’s break from conventional narrative thus highlights the creative power of stories within Laguna culture. The creative power of stories is emphasized by the prevalence stories have in Laguna culture at large. Throughout the novel the idea of storytelling is constantly referenced as being essential to the Laguna way of life. Whether it is war stories used to coerce a woman into having sex, â€Å"They told her stories too. Later on, when they started looking at her and sitting closer to her† (Silko, pp. 164), or stories meant to heal a broken mind: â€Å"He was thinking of the ceremony the medicine man had performed over him, testing it against the old feeling, the sick hollow in his belly formed by the memory of Rocky and Josiah, and all the years of Auntie’s eyes and her teeth set on edge† (Silko, pp. 152) Stories serve many invaluable purposes within Laguna culture. Silko’s narrative, broken and discordant, blends the story of Tayo with the traditional stories of the Laguna people, as well the stories told by the people in Tayo’s life. This three tiered act of storytelling creates a narrative where the importance of storytelling cannot be ignored by the reader. Moreover, many of the stories within the novel, often several pages in length, are told to Tayo by a character through a monologue. For example, the story the Medicine-Man Betonie tells Tayo (starting on page 145 and ending on 152) is written in quotations marks, thus showing that this is not Silko telling the story of Tayo or relaying a traditional Laguna story, but rather a third party. This highlights not only the importance of storytelling within the Laguna culture, but also the importance of the oral tradition with Laguna culture. Storytelling, for the Laguna people, is an intimate, personal, and deeply symbo lic act and Silko presents it as so through an array of stories and the mediums they are told through her unconventional narrative. Through her break from conventional, â€Å"Western† narrative, Silko is able to highlight the differences between white and Laguna cultures with clarity. Of course, one of the most prominent differences is the idea that stories created the world, an idea that is direct conflict with Western notions of existence where stories are descriptive entities. Moreover, the prevalence of stories and the oral tradition are another difference between the Laguna and white cultures. For example, traditional stories act in Laguna culture as fact, in direct contrast to Western notions of fact: â€Å"The science books explained the causes and effects. But Old Grandma always used to say, â€Å"Back in time immemorial, things were different†. (Silko, pp. 94) However, possibly one of the most noticeable contrasts in cultures is the notion of time and its effect on narrative. In the novel, there is no such thing as linear time, but rather a more fluid approach where there is little distinc tion between the past, present, and mythic. It is unclear, for example, whether the opening of the prose narrative is past or present, Tayo in the hospital after returning from War or Tayo in his shepherd’s huts (Silko, pp. 5); perhaps this is due a lack of linear time as a concept in Laguna culture, or perhaps the confusion is a projection of Tayo’s PTSD. As the novel progresses the reader can often get lost in the story due to the lack of distinction between past and present, the novel lacking an anchored center that is necessary for a conventional narrative to work. Silko abandons the conventional narrative and creates a narrative of her own that is centered in Laguna culture and a Laguna way of thinking, a way of understanding the world. In Ceremony, Silko abandons conventional narratives in order to portray a Laguna life, Tayo’s, while still adhering to the Western form of the novel. In order to breach the gap between the Western form and Laguna culture, a culture based highly in the oral tradition of stories, Silko mixes the two into a broken and eclectic narrative, where prose and poetry have equal importance and where time becomes fluid and indiscernible. Silko’s unconventional narrative allows a translation of sorts of the traditional Laguna story into one that adheres to a Western form. The unconventional narrative is less of a compromise to allow Western insight into the life and culture of the Laguna, but rather a hybrid form where the differences between Western and Native are set aside for the sake of storytelling.

The And Latino Stereotypes On The Campaign Trail - 1526 Words

I love whenever President Trump says something about Mexicans in any of his speeches. Taken from â€Å"Fear and Latino Stereotypes on the Campaign Trail† on Media Education Foundation, one such amazing quote is from Trump’s presidential announcement speech, in which he states that Mexico is â€Å"sending people that have lots of problems, and they’re bringing those problems [to] us. They’re bringing drugs, They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists.† I feel like I fall short of these views Trump has on Mexicans, but also as a Mexican American in general. Apparently, the correct way to view any Mexican man is to go by the fact that we are criminals. However, I am not just a Mexican, I was also born in America. As a Mexican American, there is more that†¦show more content†¦In the New York Times article â€Å"Media Feed Bias Against Latinos,† Luisita Lopez Torregrosa states in her findings that many non-Hispanics â€Å"mista kenly believe that half or more of the nation’s 50 million Hispanics are illegal immigrants,† and that they are depicted in the media â€Å"largely as maids, gardeners, dropouts, and criminals.† In response to the general public thinking that there are over 50 million illegal immigrants, Torregrosa explains that the United States actually has an estimated 10 million illegal Mexican/Central American immigrants from a 2012 study. The depiction in the media is definitely real concerning how Mexican’s are depicted in films, as the roles that the, now deceased, actress Lupe Ontiveros played in several movies, confirms. An article from The New York Times, titled â€Å"Trying to Get Beyond the Role of the Maid; Hispanic Actors Are Seen as Underrepresented, With the Exception of One Part† by housing reporter Mireya Navarro, details the roles Ontiveros had to play in the American media, which included over 150 maid roles. Ontiveros even noticed how much of a problem this is, stating that â€Å"‘It’s their continued perspective of who we are’...‘[The media doesn’t] know we’re very much a part of this country, and that we make up every part of this country.’† While this isn’t a particular negative light in criminal terms, it is still a misrepresentation of what Mexicans do for the nation. Ontiveros also mentioned that whenever she went to aShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling Against Hispanics And Hispanics Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesthat Hispanics are taking everyone’s job, but it is usually people who think that and that say that, are the people who can get a job but do not want to or cannot get a job, so they just blame the Hispanics. Hispanic are the easy targeted race and stereotype are made about them, by only referring Hispanics as illegal immigrant which is not because there is other immigrants who migrated to the United States and are here illegally and society does not refer them as illegal immigrants. Also it leads toRead MoreRacial Profiling Against Hispanic Profiling1804 Words   |  8 Pagessupposedly that we are taking everyone’s job, but it is usually people who think that and that say that, are the people who can get a job but do not want to or cannot get a job, so they just blame the Hispanics. We are the easy targeted race and stereotype about us, by only referring Hispanics as illegal immigrant which is not because there are other migrant who crossed the United States and are here illegally and Society does not refer them as illegal immigrants. Also it leads to being arrested unfairly

Election and Public Opinion Essay - 2248 Words

Ch. 5 1. Political Party: group of individuals who seek to control government through winning elections. 2. Plurality: the largest number of votes cast for the office 3. Incumbent: current officeholder 4. Splinter Parties: those individuals who have split away from one of the major parties 5. Major Parties: American Politics, Republican and Democratic parties 6. Bipartisan: two major parties find common ground, in this endeavor. 7. Electorate: the people eligible to vote. 8. Precinct: smallest unit of election administration; the voters in each precinct report to one polling area. 9. Partisanship: secure commitment to a political party is the source for government action. 10. Pluralistic Society: contains of several diverse†¦show more content†¦- Changes in the technology of campaigning for office-especially the heavy use of television and of the Internet, professional campaign managers, and direct-mail advertising Ch.7 15. Nomination: the naming of those who will seek office 16. Closed Primary: party nominating where declared party members can vote 17. Precinct: a voting district 18. Soft Money: used for party building activities given by the local state. 19. General Election: regularly scheduled elections at which voters make the selection of officeholders 20. Open Primary: any qualified voter can take part in this nomination 21. Ballot: a device were voter registers a choice in a election 22. Hard Money: campaign money that is subject to regulation by the FEC 23. Caucus: is a group of like-minded people who meet to select the candidates they will support in an upcoming election. 24. Absentee Voting: voting by those unable to attend the polling place 25. Political Action Committee: political groups which have a major take on public policy 26. Direct Primary: is an intra-party election 27. Coattail Effect: when a strong candidate helps other candidates in the election by parties ticket. 28. Subsidy: grant of money from the government Questions 12. 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Hbs Case “Marriott Corporation the Cost of Capital” free essay sample

HBS case â€Å"Marriott Corporation: The cost of capital† 1)Are the four components of Marriotts financial strategy consistent with its growth objective? In my opinion, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy are consistent with its growth objective. As we find in the case, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy: Manage rather than own hotel assets, Invest in projects that increase shareholder value, Optimize the use of debt in the capital structure, and Repurchase undervalued shares; are aligned with the growth objective. Marriott wants to remain a premier growth company. This means aggressively developing appropriate opportunities within our chosen lines of business—lodging, contract services, and related businesses. In each of these areas, their goal is to be the preferred employer, the preferred provider, and the most profitable company. 2)How does Marriott use its estimate of its cost of capital? Does this make sense? In the case is stated that Marriott required three inputs to determine the opportunity cost of capital: debt capacity, debt cost, and equity cost consistent with the amount of debt. The cost of capital varied across the three divisions because all three of the cost-of-capital inputs could differ for each division. This is the most logical approach due to the fact that the projects related to a particular division should be evaluated using the division’s WACC rather than the corporation’s WACC. 3)What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation? In order to calculate the WACC for Marriott’s Corporation I’m going to use the following formulas: 1. Weighted Average Cost of Capital: 2. Levered Beta: Marriott’s structure: D= 60% E=40% Marriott’s corporate tax: Tc= 175. 9 / 398. 9 Tc=0. 441 Marriott’s Pre-tax cost of debt: Debt rate premium above government= 1. 30% U. S. Government Securities Interest Rates: Maturity 30 years = 8. 95% Kd = 0. 0895 + 0. 013 Kd= 0. 1025 Marriott’s after tax cost of equity: Leverag. TcAsset BetaEq. Beta MARRIOTT 41%0. 4410. 7991. 11 MARRIOTT 60%0. 4410. 7991. 47 Ke = rf + Beta * (MRP) Rf=8. 95%(U. S. Government Securities Interest Rate) MRP=7. 43%(Exhibit 5) Ke = 8. 95% + 1. 47 * ( 7. 43%) Ke=0. 20 WACC = (1 0. 44) * 0. 1025 * 60% + 0. 2 * 40% WACC=0. 1139 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation is 11. 9% a)What risk free rate and risk premium did you use to calculate the cost of equity? Risk free rate †¢30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Risk Premium †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and long-term U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) b)How did you measure Marriotts cost of debt? I calculated Marriotts cost of debt adding Marriott’s debt rate premium above government (1. 30%) to the 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rates (8. 95%). 4)What type of investments would you value using Marriotts WACC? I will use Marriott’s WACC to evaluate projects that do not refer to a single division. This can be projects that add are related to the whole company and affect each division. In example, a project related with branding that will increase Marriott overall reputation and value 5)If Marriott used a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business, what would happen to the company overtime? Using a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business will lead to accept bad projects and reject profitable projects. In the case that the IRR of the return was slightly above Marriott WACC you would accept the division’s project although you might be operating bellow the division’s WACC and loosing money. 6)What is the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? In order to calculate the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions I will use the same formulas than in question 3. Hotels ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta HILTON HOTELS CORPORATION13. 30. 7614%0. 770. 697 HOLIDAY CORPORATION28. 81. 3579%1. 660. 435 LA QUINTA MOTOR INNS-6. 40. 8969%0. 170. 397 RAMADA INNS, INC. 11. 71. 3665%0. 50. 667 Average0. 549 Restaurants ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta CHURCH’S FRIED CHICKEN-3. 21. 454%0. 391. 417 COLLINS FOODS INTERNATIONAL20. 31. 4510%0. 571. 365 FRISCH’S RESTAURANTS56. 90. 576%0. 140. 550 LUBY’S CAFETERIAS (Operates cafeterias. ) 15. 10. 761%0. 230. 756 McDONALD’S22. 50. 9423%4. 890. 805 WENDYâ€⠄¢S INTERNA TIONAL4. 61. 3221%1. 051. 149 Average1. 007 LodgingRestaurant D/V50. 0%75. 0% E/V50. 0%25. 0% Tc44%44% Kd10. 05%8. 70% Rf8. 95%6. 90% Rprem1. 10%1. 80% Ke15. 31%29. 74% Eq. Beta0. 8562. 696 Asset Beta0. 5491. 007 Rf8. 95%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%8. 47% Sales % from total41. 00%13. 00% WACC10. 6%11. 08% a)What risk-free rate and risk premium did you use in calculating the cost of equity for each division? Why did you choose these numbers? Risk free rate Lodging division †¢30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) †¢Is a long-term investment Risk Premium Lodging division †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and long-term U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) †¢Is a long term investment Risk free rate Restaurants’ division †¢1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) †¢Is a short-term investment, and the next available option is a 10 years rate which is too long. Risk Premium Restaurants’ division †¢Spread between SP 500 Composite returns and short-term U. S. Treasury bill returns: between 1926-87 (8. 47%) †¢Is a short-term investment, and I used a 1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate as the risk free rate. b)How did you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the debt cost differ across divisions? Why? I calculated each division’s cost of debt adding the division’s debt rate premium above government to the U. S. Government Interest Rates that best represented the divisions behave. Risk free rate Lodging division 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Risk free rate Restaurants’ division †¢1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) The debt cost should differ across divisions because each one operate as independent business with different behavior. c)How did you measure the beta of each division? In order to measure the beta of each division, I got the average Asset Beta of the companies that where more similar to the division, and I leverage it with the capital structure of the particular division. 7)What is the cost of capital for Marriotts contract services division? How can you estimate its equity cost of capital without publicly traded comparable companies? In order to calculate the cost of capital for the contract service division I will use most of the formulas I stated on question number three. Additionally, as we do not have data of similar companies that we can use to extract the contract service division’s Asset Beta, I will calculate the WACC for the contract service division using the following formula: Marriott’s Asset Beta = (Lodging Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) + (Restaurants Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) + (Contract services Asset Beta * division’s % of total sales) Cleaning the equation in function of the Contract services Asset Beta, you find the Contract services Asset Beta. MarriottLodgingRestaurantContract Services D/V60. 0%50. 0%75. 0%60. 0% E/V40. 0%50. 0%25. 0%40. 0% Tc44%44%44%44% Kd10. 25%10. 05%8. 70%8. 30% Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% Rprem1. 30%1. 10%1. 80%1. 40% Ke19. 87%15. 31%29. 74%21. 91% Eq. Beta1. 4700. 8562. 6961. 772 Asset Beta0. 7990. 5491. 0070. 964 Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%7. 43%8. 47%8. 47% TA %100. 00%41. 00%13. 00%46. 00% WACC11. 39%10. 46%11. 08%11. 55% The contract service’s WACC is 11. 55%

Knights Templars Essays - Philip IV Of France, Knights Templar

Knights Templars The Knights Templars was a religious military order whose secrets and wealth destroyed the organization. The order had several names, and the members had several titles. The Knights Templars started out as a small group of monks. Members had duties and certain lifestyles as Templars. The order rapidly spread across Europe. During the second crusade, the Templars fought for the Christian effort. After the second crusade the knights became very powerful and wealthy. The order was destroyed, yet it still lives on today. The Knights Templars were hidden in darkness and secrecy, and they will always remain a mystery. The Holy Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon is the full name of the Order. Most paraphernalia refer to them as the Knights Templars. Some call the members just Templars, or warrior monks. The Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon is another name used. People back in the time of the crusade would have called them heroes. After the first crusade two new military orders arose in Jerusalem. One, the Knights Hospitallers, or Knights of Saint John, whose task was to aid the wounded in Outremer, or the land across the sea. Saint John's Ambulance Service derives from the Hospitaller legend. The second military order to arise was the Knights Templars, whose duty was to defend the pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land. In 1118 Hugues de Payan and eight fellow knights went to Jerusalem and offered their services to the king, Baldwin 1. King Baldwin offered housing to the knights at the former mosque al-Aqsa, which was located on the site of King Solomon's great temple. The order received its name from this fact. Templars took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience to the Grand Master, or president. Each Templar wore a typical white robe with the red Maltese cross insignia. Chainmail armor was worn in battle. The Templars fought bravely against the Saracens, not leaving battle unless outnumbered three to one. The order received the blessing of the Pope in 1129, and the Templars soon got recognition as heroes. With the Pope's blessing, the Templars could now recruit members and raise money through donations. Donations came to the Templars in large amounts. The warrior monks were given wealth, jewels, and property. King Alfonso 1 of Argon gave the Templars one-third of his Spanish Empire on his deathbed. They owned land in France, Spain, England, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, and other places. Men also went to the Templars to support their cause, and some in hopes of getting rich. The Knights Templars did have their critics though. Some felt they were unchristian, killing hundreds of people, including women and children. They held meetings in secret, which frightened some individuals. It was unknown what was held in their secret meetings. The second crusade was underway and the Templars fought on the Christian side. Military and financial support was given on their behalf. They fought an Islamic fanatical group known as the Assasins. The Assasins showed no mercy, they killed more than the Templars. Slowly but surely the Christians began to loose territory. In 1187, at the battle of Hattin, 25,000 Christians were defeated by 60,000 Islamic troops led by Saladin. The moors recaptured Jerusalem and the Templars relocated. They went to Acre and eventually left Outremer all together. The remaining Templars fled to Limassol, where they created a new headquarters. The Templars were no longer fighting, and they therefore sought a new task. The Templars owned houses all across the map, and they used that to their benefit. The Knights Templars became the first bankers. Travelers would deposit money at one Templar building, and travel, with a statement of deposit, to another city. They would then cash in their statement and receive the same amount of money at another Templar structure at their final destination. This was a very safe method, because the traveler couldn't get robbed. The Templars began to escort travelers on their fleets of ships. The Pope freed the Templars from loyalty to any ruler, from then on the order only answered to the Pope. The Templars became involved with politics. They served on royal committees and

Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation

Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation Introduction Psychologists carry out extensive studies on behavior with an aim of making more discoveries that can assist in improving the wellbeing of humans and animals. People sometimes participate in psychological research as subjects, but animal are extensively applied in explaining some basic questions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is need for a clear intent for conducting a scientific study supported by reasonable expectations. Generally, psychological investigation is a contentious subject among professionals due to moral concerns. This paper will examine how animal testing has affected psychological investigation. Ethics Some individuals assert that many psychological investigators often do not take into account ethical principles in research. Others are convinced that there is a lot of dangerous propagan da that can often be damaging to subjects as well as other individuals. Moreover, some individuals contend that psychologists develop several ideas without supporting evidence. Whether these suppositions may be right or wrong, some procedures have been developed to counter the critics of psychological studies. These principles enhance the safety of research by making it structured; thus, protecting subjects from avoidable potential risks. In this context, ethical considerations remain a central theme in psychological research. â€Å"Ethics in research refers to the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting, and publication of information about research subjects, in particular active acceptance of subjects right to privacy, confidentiality, and informed consent†. In simple terms, ethics means standards for behavior that differentiate between satisfactory and unacceptable conduct. Ethics assist direct investigators aroun d moral quandaries that may happen in the process of doing research. For instance, is it good enough to avoid informing the participant of a given study what the investigator is examining? In what circumstances is it suitable and in which is it not? Therefore, developing ethics in studies can assist in directing researchers when deciding responses to those kinds of questions. For instance, APA’s principles guards against abuse of the subject’s dignity. To achieve this, laboratory testing should be properly coordinated and conducted in a morally suitable procedure. Another significant element of this regulation refers to consent. This implies that researchers should seek permission from participants to be involved in a given research activity.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Risk/Benefit Ratio Risk refers to the likelihood of bodily, mental, communal, or financial damage happening because of contribution in a research investigation. Both the prospect and scale of feasible damage in human study may differ from negligible to considerable.  Negligible risk occurs where the likelihood and level of damage or distress foreseen in the proposed study do not supersede those usually experienced in daily life. Risk above this scale is more than negligible; it inflicts restrictions on the behavior of the study and increases the need for monitoring. Benefit refers to the possibility of a given study generating dependable solutions to a challenging problem or ameliorates a given situation. â€Å"The investigator should always distinguish between research and treatment and never lure the patient into participating in hopes of remission or cure†. Researchers should ensure that the corporeal danger is less or even to the benefits. Therefore, â€Å"the risk/benefit ratio is a subjective evaluation of the risk to a research participant re lative to the benefit both to the individual and to society†. Animal Research Animal research is a domain of scientific studies that has attracted heated debates over the years. Many individuals have criticized and protests against the experimentation on animals. â€Å"Therefore, the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (C.A.R.E.) was established to address the APAs members concerns and to address the publics concerns†. This committee created an all-inclusive framework that regulates the acquisition, accommodation, and disposition of creatures. The methodical justification for making use of animals in scientific studies is that a living being gives an interactive, lively system, which can be watched and influenced experimentally to examine instruments of usual function. Consequently, a better acceptance of living beings can be achieved and this information can be simplified to other genus as well as humans; thus, enhancing the creation of effective therapies. Studies characteristically avoid using human subjects in circumstances where there is high risk potential and when a lot of time is needed to analyze behavior change. In psychopharmacology investigation, analysis of the behavioral outcome of a constantly administered medicine and its removal needs several days of continuous drug administration. In addition, some studies need subjects of a given size, maturity or genetic composition. Other studies may limit subjects to specific diets and expose them to a controlled environment. Humans cannot easily participate in such studies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Remarkable contributions of animal studies have been instrumental in facilitating our understanding of essential learning procedures and motivational schemes, like thirst and starvation. Animal study has generated serious kno wledge of how the five senses coordinate and operate. â€Å"Studies of animal cognition have provided a comparative and ecological perspective on issues of the mind and intelligence, and others have shown how sensory functions and levels of cognition can depend critically on early experience†. Animal study facilitates identification of the key behavioral codes, which have aided the creation of effectual mechanisms for encouraging education and self-sufficiency in a wide range of inhabitants.  Animal behavioral analysis has been essential to comprehending the variety of behavioral outcomes of psychoactive medicines and ecological toxicants. Moreover, behavioral analysis by psychotherapists has considerably contributed to our knowledge of drug misuse and bodily dependence. In other domains, researchers develop behavioral techniques for examining features in laboratory animals and preparing medicines used in the healing of disorders like nervousness, schizophrenia, and dejecti on. Animal investigation is also significant in present attempts to develop efficient pharmacologic management for drug reliance and for the mental challenges associated with aging. Conclusion The above discussion reveals the significant role of ethical codes in regulating research programs. It is therefore important for investigators to adhere to the recommended ethical codes in order to avoid undermining the dignity of the subjects. Due to much controversy on the authenticity and morality of animal research, researchers have created and recommended alternative specimens such as the use of tissue culture. Indeed, animal laboratories are very costly and laborious to sustain; thus, alternative subjects and procedures could be better. Nonetheless, it is not very easy to get the alternatives since they are either few or unavailable and in most cases, they cannot be used to analyze behavior change. For example, drug addiction is not measurable in a tissue culture. Consequently, good mor al principles should be developed and reinforced to facilitate use of reliable subjects in research.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bersoff, D. (2008). Ethical Conflicts in Psychology. New York: American Psychological Association. Garrett, J. (2012). The Ethics of Animal Research: Exploring the Controversy. New York: The MIT Press. Knapp, S. (2011). APA Handbook of Ethics in Psychology. New York: American Psychological Association. Shaughnessy, J., Zechmeister, E., Zechme, J. (2009). Research Methods in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Globally Optimized Operations TLMT 441 Research paper

Globally Optimized Operations TLMT 441 - Research Paper Example Globally optimized operations are increasingly being used by companies in the real world business situation, to enhance their profits. As opposed to the traditional approach of seeking independent opportunities for the improvement of the business operations, companies can increase their profits by considering the various broader subsets of the business and observing how each of the major processes affect each other. For example, a business can in the case of a shop scheduling, a business organization can look a the logistics of the delivery of raw materials for the shop as well as the various details of post production inventory shipping, retailing and marketing. This critically analyzes the concept of global optimized operations with particular focus to its contemporary and future application in logistics and supply chain management. According to Laurence (2009), companies can effectively use global optimization solutions to optimize their operations such as sourcing, production, procurement, production and distribution processes at the same time. Globally optimized operations deals with the sets and functions of the optimization in a given criteria. In this regard, the optimization operations consist of a particular constraint with a set of bounds. In the set of bounds and constraints, the variables being considered are optimized. According Ballou (2007), Supply Chain Management is currently viewed as the management of a set of processes, in whereby each process is made up of activities relevant to achieving a particular objective. For example, some of the major processes in involved in SCM include customer management, customer relationship management, order fulfillment, demand management, supplier relationship management, manufacturing flow management and returns management among others. In global optimized

Financial Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Plan - Essay Example Financial break-even point is defined as â€Å"the point where revenue equals expenses and profit is zero† (Smartacus Corporation, 2011, par. 1). For Dr. McDougall’s financial situation, assuming fixed cost = $2.8 and variable cost = $2, the number of units that must be sold to break-even is 3,800 units. The components of the cost of goods sold is calculated by establishing the â€Å"Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + Cost of Goods Manufactured = Finished Goods Available for Sale – Ending Finished Goods Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold† (Averkamp, 2011, par. 1). For Dr. McDougall’s financial performance, it could be assumed that the COGS was arrived at using this: Financial information could be used to determine the available resources which can be used in future plans and endeavors. For Dr. McDougalls’s future plans include the research and development of innovative products of similar natural ingredients in other preparations to cater to other cultural tastes. Therefore, financial information would serve as the gauge for decision-making and to design appropriate strategies that would achieve the defined goals. The relevant financial ratios to determine profitability and success are profitability ratios such as the gross profit margin (gross profit/sales) = 60%; operating profit margin (operating profit/sales) = 31%; and net profit margin (net income/sales) = 26%. These ratios define that there are substantial profits generated from the manufacture of food products that provide a successful measure of returns for the company. Averkamp, H. (2011). How do I calculate the cost of goods sold for a manufacturing company. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from Accounting Coach: http://blog.accountingcoach.com/manufacturing-cost-goods-sold/ Smartacus Corporation. (2011). Break-Even Analysis and Break-Even Point. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from college-cram.com:

Learning strategies Essay Example for Free

Learning strategies Essay Learning or instructional strategies determine the approach for achieving the learning objectives and are included in the pre-instructional activities, information presentation, learner activities, testing, and follow-through. The strategies are usually tied to the needs and interests of students to enhance learning and are based on many types of learning styles (Ekwensi, Moranski, Townsend-Sweet, 2006). Thus the learning objectives point you towards the instructional strategies, while the instructional strategies will point you to the medium that will actually deliver the instruction, such as elearning, self-study, classroom, or OJT. However, do not fall into the trap of using only one medium when designing your course. . . use a blended approach. Although some people use the terms interchangeably, objectives, strategies, and media, all have separate meanings. For example, your learning objective might be Pull the correct items for a customer order; the instructional strategies are a demonstration, have a question and answer period, and then receive hands-on practice by actually performing the job, while the media might be a combination of elearning and OJT. The Instructional Strategy Selection Chart shown below is a general guideline for selecting the learning strategy. It is based on Blooms Taxonomy (Learning Domains). The matrix generally runs from the passive learning methods (top rows) to the more active participation methods (bottom rows. Blooms Taxonomy (the right three columns) runs from top to bottom, with the lower level behaviors being on top and the higher behaviors being on the bottom. That is, there is a direct correlation in learning: Lower levels of performance can normally be taught using the more passive learning methods. Higher levels of performance usually require some sort of action or involvement by the learners. Instructional Strategy Selection Chart Instructional Strategy Cognitive Domain (Bloom, 1956) Affective Domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia, 1973) Psychomotor Domain (Simpson, 1972) Lecture, reading, audio/visual, demonstration, or guided observations, question and answer period 1. Knowledge 1. Receiving phenomena 1. Perception 2. Set Discussions, multimedia CBT, Socratic didactic method, reflection. Activities such as surveys, role playing, case studies, fishbowls, etc. 2. Comprehension 3. Application 2. Responding to phenomena 3. Guided response 4. Mechanism On-the-Job-Training (OJT), practice by doing (some direction or coaching is required), simulated job settings (to include CBT simulations) 4. Analysis 3. Valuing 5. Complex response Use in real situations. Also may be trained by using several high level activities coupled with OJT. 5. Synthesis 4. Organize values into priorities 6. Adaptation Normally developed on own (informal learning) through self-study or learning through mistakes, but mentoring and coaching can speed the process. 6. Evaluation 5. Internalizing values 7. Origination The chart does not cover all possibilities, but most activities should fit in. For example, self-study could fall under reading, audio visual, and/or activities, depending upon the type of program you design Instructional Skills: What are Instructional Skills? Instructional skills are the most specific category of teaching behaviors. They are necessary for procedural purposes and for structuring appropriate learning experiences for students. A variety of instructional skills and processes exist. Explaining Demonstrating Questioning Questioning Techniques Levels of Questions Wait Time Explaining The teacher spends much classroom time explaining or demonstrating something to the whole class, a small group, or an individual. Student resource materials typically do not provide extensive explanations of concepts, and students often need a demonstration in order to understand procedures. Demonstrating The teacher spends much classroom time explaining or demonstrating something to the whole class, a small group, or an individual. Student resource materials typically do not provide extensive explanations of concepts, and students often need a demonstration in order to understand procedures. Questioning Among the instructional skills, questioning holds a place of prominence in many classrooms. When questioning is used well: a high degree of student participation occurs as questions are widely distributed; an appropriate mix of low and high level cognitive questions is used; student understanding is increased; student thinking is stimulated, directed, and extended; feedback and appropriate reinforcement occur;students critical thinking abilities are honed; and, student creativity is fostered. Questioning Technique The teacher should begin by obtaining the attention of the students before the question is asked. The question should be addressed to the entire class before a specific student is asked to respond. Calls for responses should be distributed among volunteers and non-volunteers, and the teacher should encourage students to speak to the whole class when responding. However, the teacher must be sensitive to each students willingness to speak publically and never put a student on the spot. Levels of Questions While the need for factual recall or comprehension must be recognized, teachers also need to challenge students with higher level questions requiring analysis, synthesis, or evaluation. The consideration of level is applicable at all grade levels and in all subject areas. All students need the opportunity to think about and respond to all levels of questions. Teacher probes or requests for clarification may be required to move students to higher levels of thinking and deeper levels of understanding. Wait Time  Wait time is defined as the pause between asking the question and soliciting a response. Providing additional wait time after a student response also allows all students to reflect on the response prior to further discussion. Increased wait time results in longer student responses, more appropriate unsolicited responses, more student questions, and increased higher order responses. It should be noted that increased wait time is beneficial for students who speak English as a second language or English as a second dialect. Instructional Strategies: 1. Direct instruction 2. Indirect instruction 3. Interactive instruction 4. Independent study 5. Experiential learning 1. What is Direct Instruction? The Direct instruction strategy is highly teacher-directed and is among the most commonly used. This strategy is effective for providing information or developing step-by-step skills. It also works well for introducing other teaching methods, or actively involving students in knowledge construction. Possible Methods Structured Overview Lecture Explicit Teaching Drill Practice Compare Contrast Didactic Questions. Demonstrations Guided Shared reading, listening, viewing, thinking What is Structured Overview? Structured Overview is verbal, visual or written summary or outline of a topic. It can occur at the beginning of a unit, module or new concept, or it may be used to help relate a learned idea to the big picture. A Structured Overview distills difficult or complex idea into simple definitions or explanation, and then shows how all the information relates. It is the process of â€Å"organizing and arranging topics† to make them more meaningful. What is Lecture? Lecture is a valuable part of a teachers instructional repertoire if it is not used when other methods would be more effective. If the presenter is knowledgeable, perceptive, engaging, and motivating, then lecture can stimulate reflection, challenge the imagination, and develop curiosity and a sense of inquiry. Criteria for the selection of the lecture method should include the types of experiences students will be afforded and the kinds of learning outcomes expected. Because lecture is teacher-centred and student activity is mainly passive, the attention span of students may be limited. Many students, because of learning style preferences, may not readily assimilate lecture content. In addition, lectured content is often rapidly forgotten. What is Explicit Teaching? Explicit teaching involves directing student attention toward specific learning in a highly structured environment. It is teaching that is focused on producing specific learning outcomes. Topics and contents are broken down into small parts and taught individually. It involves explanation, demonstration and practise. Children are provided with guidance and structured frameworks. Topics are taught in a logical order and directed by the teacher. Another important characteristic of explicit teaching involves modeling skills and behaviours and modelling thinking. This involves the teacher thinking out loud when working through problems and demonstrating processes for students. The attention of students is important and listening and observation are key to success. What is Drill Practice? As an instructional strategy, drill practice is familiar to all educators. It promotes the acquisition of knowledge or skill through repetitive practice. It refers to small tasks such as the memorization of spelling or vocabulary words, or the practicing of arithmetic facts and may also be found in more supplicated learning tasks or physical education games and sports. Drill-and-practice, like memorization, involves repetition of specific skills, such as addition and subtraction, or spelling. To be meaningful to learners, the skills built through drill-and-practice should become the building blocks for more meaningful learning. What is Compare Contrast? Compare and Contrast is used to highlight similarities and differences between to things. It is a process where the act of classification is practiced. It is effectively used in conjunction with indirect instructional methods, but can also be used directly to teach vocabulary signals, classification, nomenclature and key characteristics. It is often presented in either written text paragraphs or a chart. Its most common use is as a graphic organizer of content. What are Didactic Questions? Didactic questioning offers the teacher a way to structure the learning process (McNeil Wiles, 1990). Didactic questions tend to be convergent, factual, and often begin with what, where, when, and how. They can be effectively used to diagnose recall and comprehension skills, to draw on prior learning experiences, to determine the extent to which lesson objectives were achieved, to provide practice, and to aid retention of information or processes. Teachers should remember that didactic questions can be simplistic, can encourage guessing, and can discourage insightful answers or creativity. However, effectiveness of this method can be increased by the appropriate addition of why questions, and the occasional use of what if questions. What is Demonstration? A method of teaching by example rather than simple explanation What are Guided and Share? Prioritizes intrinsic motivation and helps students to become more engaged in learning experiences through connecting their beliefs and life goals to curricular requirements 2. What is Indirect Instruction? In contrast to the direct instruction strategy, indirect instruction is mainly student-centered, although the two strategies can complement each other. Indirect instruction seeks a high level of student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypotheses. It takes advantage of students interest and curiosity, often encouraging them to generate alternatives or solve problems. In indirect instruction, the role of the teacher shifts from lecturer/director to that of facilitator, supporter, and resource person. The teacher arranges the learning environment, provides opportunity for student involvement, and, when appropriate, provides feedback to students while they conduct the inquiry (Martin, 1983). Possible Methods Problem Solving Case Studies Reading for Meaning Inquiry Reflective Discussion Writing to Inform Concept Formation Concept Mapping. Concept Attainment Cloze Procedure What is Problem Solving? There are two major types of problem solving – reflective and creative. Regardless of the type of problem solving a class uses, problem solving focuses on knowing the issues, considering all possible factor and finding a solution. Because all ideas are accepted initially, problem solving allows for finding the best possible solution as opposed to the easiest solution or the first solution proposed. What are Case Studies? Case studies are stories or scenarios, often in narrative form, created and used as a tool for analysis and discussion. They have a long tradition of use in higher education particularly in business and law. Cases are often based on actual events which adds a sense of urgency or reality. Case studies have elements of simulations but the students are observers rather than participants. A good case has sufficient detail to necessitate research and to stimulate analysis from a variety of viewpoints or perspectives. They place the learner in the position of problem solver. Students become actively engaged in the materials discovering underlying issues, dilemmas and conflict issues. What is Reading for Meaning? Children become curious about printed symbols once they recognize that print, like talk, conveys meaningful messages that direct, inform or entertain people. By school age, many children are eager to continue their exploration of print. One goal of this curriculum is to develop fluent and proficient readers who are knowledgeable about the reading process. What is Inquiry? Inquiry learning provides opportunities for students to experience and acquire processes through which they can gather information about the world. This requires a high level of interaction among the learner, the teacher,the area of study, available resources, and the learning environment. Students become actively involved in the learning process as they: act upon their curiosity and interests; develop questions; think their way through controversies or dilemmas; look at problems analytically; inquire into their preconceptions and what they already know; develop, clarify, and test hypotheses; and, draw inferences and generate possible solutions. Questioning is the heart of inquiry learning. Students must ask relevant questions and develop ways to search for answers and generate explanations. Emphasis is placed upon the process of thinking as this applies to student interaction with issues, data, topics, concepts, materials, and problems. What is Reflective Discussion ? Reflective discussions encourage students to think and talk about what they have observed, heard or read. The teacher or student initiates the discussion by asking a question that requires students to reflect upon and interpret films, experiences, read or recorded stories, or illustrations. As students question and recreate information and events in a film or story, they clarify their thoughts and feelings. The questions posed should encourage students to relate story content to life experiences and to other stories. These questions will elicit personal interpretations and feelings. Interpretations will vary, but such variances demonstrate that differences of opinion are valuable. What is Writing to Inform? Writing that reports information to others can vary greatly in content and format. Many learning experiences culminate in expository or informative writing activities. Students must have opportunities to read a variety of resources and printed materials for information. During writing, students can apply their knowledge of the structures and formats of these materials to organize and convey information. What is Concept Formation ? Concept formation provides students with an opportunity to explore ideas by making connections and seeing relationships between items of information. This method can help students develop and refine their ability to recall and discriminate among key ideas, to see commonalities and identify relationships, to formulate concepts and generalizations, to explain how they have organized data, and to present evidence to support their organization of the data involved. What are Concept Maps? A concept map is a special form of a web diagram for exploring knowledge and gathering and sharing information. Concept mapping is the strategy employed to develop a concept map. A concept map consists of nodes or cells that contain a concept, item or question and links. The links are labeled and denote direction with an arrow symbol. The labeled links explain the relationship between the nodes. The arrow describes the direction of the relationship and reads like a sentence. What is Concept Attainment? Concept Attainment is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process. It is based on the work of Jerome Bruner. In concept attainment, students figure out the attributes of a group or category that has already been formed by the teacher. To do so, students compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the concept with examples that do not contain those attributes. They then separate them into two groups. Concept attainment, then, is the search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non-examples. What is Cloze Procedure? Cloze procedure is a technique in which words are deleted from a passage according to a word-count formula or various other criteria. The passage is presented to students, who insert words as they read to complete and construct meaning from the text. This procedure can be used as a diagnostic reading assessment technique. It is used: to identify students knowledge and understanding of the reading process to determine which cueing systems readers effectively employ to construct meaning from print to assess the extent of students vocabularies and knowledge of a subject to encourage students to monitor for meaning while reading  to encourage students to think critically and analytically about text and content 3. What is Experiential Learning? Experiential learning is inductive, learner centered, and activity oriented. Personalized reflection about an experience and the formulation of plans to apply learning to other contexts are critical factors in effective experiential learning. The emphasis in experiential learning is on the process of learning and not on the product. Experiential learning can be viewed as a cycle consisting of five phases, all of which are necessary: experiencing (an activity occurs);sharing or publishing (reactions and observations are shared); analysing or processing (patterns and dynamics are determined);inferring or generalizing (principles are derived); and, applying (plans are made to use learning in new situations). Possible Methods Field Trips Narratives Conducting Experiments Simulations Games Storytelling Focused Imaging Field Observations Role-playing Model Building Surveys What are Field Trips? A field trip is a structured activity that occurs outside the classroom. It can be a brief observational activity or a longer more sustained investigation or project. While field trips take considerable organization, it is important to: be clear about what the field trip will accomplish prepare students for the learning have a debriefing session for students to share their learning when they return to the classroom What are Narratives? Narrative essays are told from a defined point of view, often the authors, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and sequence of the story. What are Conducting Experiments? Is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. What are Simulations? A simulation is a form of experiential learning. Simulations are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a world defined by the teacher. They represent a reality within which students interact. The teacher controls the parameters of this world and uses it to achieve the desired instructional results. Simulations are in way, a lab experiment where the students themselves are the test subjects. They experience the reality of the scenario and gather meaning from it. It is a strategy that fits well with the principles of constructivism. Simulations promote the use of critical and evaluative thinking. The ambiguous or open ended nature of a simulation encourages students to contemplate the implications of a scenario. The situation feels real and thus leads to more engaging interaction by learners. They are motivating activities enjoyed by students of all ages. What are Games? Is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as  an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. What is Storytelling? Is the conveying of events in words, and images, often by improvisation or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been shared in every culture as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation, and instilling moral values. Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters, and narrative point of view. What is Focused Imaging? Imaging, the process of internally visualizing an object, event, or situation, has the potential to nurture and enhance a students creativity (Bagley Hess, 1987). Imaging enables students to relax and allow their imaginations to take them on journeys, to experience situations first hand, and to respond with their senses to the mental images formed. What are Field Observations? The process of filtering sensory information through the thought process. Input is received via hearing, sight, smell, taste, or touch and then analyzed through either rational or irrational thought. What is Role Playing? In role playing, students act out characters in a predefined situation. Role playing allows students to take risk-free positions by acting out characters in hypothetical situations. It can help them understand the range of concerns, values, and positions held by other people. Role playing is an enlightening and interesting way to help students see a problem from another perspective. What is Model Building? What is Survey? is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to the development and application of survey techniques. 4. What is Independent Study? Independent study refers to the range of instructional methods which are purposefully provided to foster the development of individual student initiative, self-reliance, and self-improvement. While independent study may be initiated by student or teacher, the focus here will be on planned independent study by students under the guidance or supervision of a classroom teacher. In addition, independent study can include learning in partnership with another individual or as part of a small group. Possible Methods Essays Computer Assisted Instruction. Journals Learning Logs Reports Learning Activity Packages Correspondence Lessons Learning Contracts Homework Research Projects Assigned Questions Learning Centers What is Essay? is generally a short piece of writing written from an authors personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. What is Computer Assisted Instruction? Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) refers to instruction or remediation presented on a computer. Computer programs can allow students to progress at their own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Computers provide immediate feedback, letting students know whether their answer is correct. If the answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the question. Computers offer a different type of activity and a change of pace from teacher-led or group instruction. Also, computer-assisted instruction moves at the students’ pace and usually does  not move ahead until they have mastered the skill. What is Journal Writing? Journal writing is a learning tool based on the ideas that students write to learn. Students use the journals to write about topics of personal interest, to note their observations, to imagine, to wonder and to connect new information with things they already know. What are Learning Logs ? Learning logs are a simple and straightforward way to help students integrate content, process, and personal feelings. Learning logs operate from the stance that students learn from writing rather than writing what they have learned. The common application is to have students make entries in their logs during the last five minutes of class or after each completed week of class. The message here is that short, frequent bursts of writing are more productive over time than are infrequent, longer assignments. What are Reports ? Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields. Learning Activity Packages Correspondence Lessons What are Learning Contracts ? Learning contracts provide a method of individualizing instruction and developing student responsibility. They permit individual pacing so that students may learn at the rate at which they are able to master the material. Learning contracts can be designed so that students function at the academic levels most suitable to them and work with resource materials containing concepts and knowledge that are appropriate to their abilities and experiences. Although this method focuses on the individual, learning contracts also provide an opportunity for students to work in small groups. The teacher may select this approach for some students to support them as they learn to work independently. What are Homeworks ? Refers to tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the class. Common homework assignments may include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, a school project to be built (such as a diorama or display), or other skills to be practiced. What is Researching? Research projects are very effective for developing and extending language arts skills as students learn in all subject areas. While doing research, students practice reading for specific purposes, recording information, sequencing and organizing ideas, and using language to inform others. A research model provides students with a framework for organizing information about a topic. Research projects frequently include these four steps: 1. determining the purpose and topic 2. gathering the information 3. organizing the information. 4. sharing knowledge. What are Assigned Questions ? Assigned questions are those prepared by the teacher to be answered by individuals or small groups of students. Students discuss their responses among one another or with the teacher. Particular positions or points-of-view should be supported by evidence. In some instances, it may be desirable for students to generate their own set of questions. What is Learning Center? There are eight basic learning centers in an early childhood/elementary classroom, according to the Stephen F. Austin State University Charter School program, each structured to expand the students’ experiences in a variety of meaningful and effective ways. Each center is constructed to encompass numerous objectives, including state and federal standards, school standards, and community standards. The learning centers approach focuses on student autonomy and learning style by giving each student an opportunity to explore his learning environment hands-on in a developmentally appropriate classroom 5. What is Interactive Instruction? Interactive instruction relies heavily on discussion and sharing among participants. Students can learn from peers and teachers to develop social skills and abilities, to organize their thoughts, and to develop rational arguments. The interactive instruction strategy allows for a range of groupings and interactive methods. It is important for the teacher to outline the topic, the amount of discussion time, the composition and size of the groups, and reporting or sharing techniques. Interactive instruction requires the refinement of observation, listening, interpersonal, and intervention skills and abilities by both teacher and students. The success of the interactive instruction strategy and its many methods is heavily dependent upon the expertise of the teacher in structuring and developing the dynamics of the group. Possible Methods Debates Role Playing Panels Brainstorming Peer Partner Learning Discussion Laboratory Groups Think, Pair, Share Cooperative Learning Jigsaw Problem Solving Structured Controversy Tutorial Groups Interviewing Conferencing What is Debating? Debating is a structured contest of argumentation in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition. The procedure is bound by rules that vary based on location and participants. The process is adjudicated and a winner is declared. What is Role Playing? In role playing, students act out characters in a predefined situation. Role playing allows students to take risk-free positions by acting out characters in hypothetical situations. It can help them understand the range of concerns, values, and positions held by other people. Role playing is an enlightening and interesting way to help students see a problem from another perspective. What is Panelling? Panel discussions, however, differ from team presentations. Their purpose is different. In a team presentation, the group presents agreed-upon views; in a panel discussion, the purpose is to present different views. Also in a team presentations, usually speakers stand as they speak; in panel discussions, usually speakers sit the whole time. In panel discussion each speaker prepares separately, the other speakers here one another for the time at the session itself. What is Brainstorming? Brainstorming is a large or small group activity which encourages children to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas. The teacher may begin by posing a question or a problem, or by introducing a topic. Students then express possible answers, relevant words and ideas. Contributions are accepted without criticism or judgement. Initially, some students may be reluctant to speak out in a group setting but brainstorming is an open sharing activity which encourages all children to participate. By expressing ideas and listening to what others say, students adjust their previous knowledge or understanding, accommodate new information and increase their levels of awareness. What is Peer Partner Learning? Peer partner learning is a collaborative experience in which students learn from and with each other for individual purposes. Students reflect upon previously taught material by helping peers to learn and, at the same time, develop and hone their social skills. What is Discussion ? A discussion is an oral exploration of a topic, object, concept or experience. All learners need frequent opportunities to generate and share their questions and ideas in small and whole class settings. Teachers who encourage and accept students questions and comments without judgement and clarify understandings by paraphrasing difficult terms stimulate the exchange of ideas. What is Laboratory Groups? What is Think, Pair, Share? Think-Pair-Share is a strategy designed to provide students with food for thought on a given topics enabling them to formulate individual ideas and share these ideas with another student. It is a learning strategy developed by Lyman and associates to encourage student classroom participation. Rather than using a basic recitation method in which a teacher poses a question and one student offers.